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Dins "[[The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter]]" Holmes comenta que sa grand èra la sòrre del pintor francés 'Vernet' (se pensa a [[Horace Vernet]]).
 
Dins ''A Study in Scarlet'', Dr. Watson fa una avaloracion dels dons de Sherlock:
 
# Coneissença en [[Literatura]].—Nula.
# Coneissença en [[Filosofia]].—Nula.
# Coneissença en [[Astronomia]].—Nula.
# Coneissença en [[Politica]].—Flaca.
# Coneissença en [[Botanica]].—Variabla. Well up en [[belladonna]], [[opium]], e [[poison]]s en general. Sap pas res de [[jardinatge]].
# Coneissença en [[Geologia]].—Practical, mas limitada. Pòt dire amb un agach brèu different [[soil]]s los uns dels autres. Aprèp de passejadas, has shown me splashes sus sos pantalons, e me diguèt per sas colors e consisténcia dins quina partida de Londres las aviá recebudas.
# Coneissença en [[Quimia]].—Prigonda.
# Coneissença en [[Anatomia]].—Accurate, mas pas sistematica.
# Coneissença en [[Sensationalism|Sensational]] Literatura.—Immensa. He appears to know every detail de cada horror perpetrada pendent lo sègle.
# Jòga del [[violon]] plan.
# Es un expèrt [[singlestick]] player, boxer, and [[swordsman]].
# Has a good practical coneissença de las leis britanicas.
</blockquote>
 
Las istòrias make clear, pr'aquò, que la lista the above es falsa, and that Holmes &mdash; who has just met Watson &mdash; is pulling Watson's leg. Dos exemples: malgrat l'ignorància supausada de Holmes en politica, dins "[[A Scandal in Bohemia]]" aqueste reconeis sulpic l'identitat vertadièra del supausat Conte von Kramm. Regarding non-sensational literatura, son discors es claufit de referéncias a la [[Bíblia]], [[Shakespeare]], e a mai de [[Goethe]]. This is somewhat inconsistent with his scolding Watson for telling him about how the [[Tèrra]] revolved a l'entorn del [[Solelh]], en luòga de [[Geocentric model|the other way around]], vist que Holmes ensajava d'evitar d'aver sa memòria cluttered amb d'informacions qu'an pas d'interès per el dins son trabalh de detectiu.
 
Holmes es tanben un competent [[cryptanalyst]]. He relates a Watson, "I am fairly familiar de tota mena de [[secret writing]], and am myself the author of a trifling [[monograph]] upon the subject, in which I analyse one hundred and sixty separate [[cipher]]s." One such scheme is resolvut dins "[[The Adventure of the Dancing Men]]" which uses a series of stick figures, per exemple:
[[Image:dancing_men.png|center|Dancing men ciphertext]]
Dins ''A Study in Scarlet'', Conan Doyle presenta una comparason entre his sleuth e dos earlier, more established detectius de ficcion: [[C. Auguste Dupin]] d'[[Edgar Allan Poe]] e [[Monsieur Lecoq]] d'[[Emile Gaboriau]]. Lo primièr èra aparegut first dins ''[[The Murders in the Rue Morgue]]'', publicat per primièr còp en [[1841]], e lo darrièr dins ''L'Affaire Lerouge'' en 1866. La brief discussion entre Watson e Holmes a prepaus dels dos personatges comença amb un comentari de Watson:
<blockquote><P>"You remind me of Edgar Allan Poe's Dupin. I had no idea that such individuals did exist outside of stories."</P>
<P>Sherlock Holmes se levèt e aluquèt sa pipa. "No doubt you think that you are complimenting me in comparing me to Dupin," observèt. "Now, in my opinion, Dupin was a very inferior fellow. That trick of his of breaking in on his friends' thoughts with an apropos remark after a quarter of an hour's silence is really very showy e superficial. He had some analytical genius, no doubt; but he was by no means such a phenomenon as Poe appeared to imagine."</P>
<P>"Have you read Gaboriau's works?" I asked."Does Lecoq come up to your idea of a detective?"</P>
<P>Sherlock Holmes sniffed sardonically. "Lecoq was a miserable bungler," he said, in an angry voice; "he had only one thing to recommend him, and that was his energy. That book made me positively ill. The question was how to identify an unknown prisoner. I could have done it in twenty-four hours. Lecoq took six months or so. It might be made a textbook for detectives to teach them what to avoid."</P></blockquote>
Holmes sembla convençut qu'es superior a totes dos, mentre que Watson exprimís son admiracion pels dos personatges. It has been suggested that this was a biais perr Conan Doyle to pay some respect a de personatges d'escrivans que l'avián influenciat, while insistir que his is an improvement over them. Pasmens, Holmes pulls a very Dupin-esque trick a Watson dins "[[The Adventure of the Cardboard Box]]" (repetit mot per mot dins l'istòria, "The Resident Patient," quand "Cardboard Box" was removed de las ''Memoirs''), e, to a lesser extent, dins "The Adventure of the Dancing Men".
 
Holmes a demostrat qu'èra un expèrt en desguisaments:
* Un marin ("[[The Sign of Four]]")
* A groom e un òme de glèisa ("[[A Scandal in Bohemia]]")
* An opium addict ("[[The Man with the Twisted Lip]]")
* A common loafer ("[[The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet]]")
* Un vièlh Italian priest ("[[The Adventure of the Final Problem]]")
* Un librari ("[[The Adventure of the Empty House]]")
* A plumber ("[[The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton]]")
* A dying man ("[[The Adventure of the Dying Detective]]")
* An old sporting man ("[[The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone]]")
* Una femna ("[[The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone]]")
 
A mai se Holmes se considera coma un cervèl disembodied, i a qualques moments que pòt manifestar very emotional per una causa justa, coma quand he disapproves of the banquièr Holder as to how the man treated son filh, dins "The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet". A la fin de "The Adventure of the Six Napoleons", es commogut per la gratitud prigonda de Lestrade per aver ajudat Scotland Yard. Watson ditz, "he was more nearly moved by the softer human emotions than I had ever seen him". E, dins "[[The Adventure of the Three Garridebs]]", Watson es nafrat per un forger qu'el e Holmes son a perseguir. While que la ferida de bala proved to be "quite superficiala", Watson es tocat per la reaccion de Holmes.<blockquote>
It was worth a wound — it was worth many wounds — to know the depth of loyalty e love which lay behind that cold mask. The clear, hard eyes were dimmed for a moment, and the firm lips were shaking. For the one and only time I caught a glimpse of a great heart as well as of a great brain. All my years of humble but single-minded service culminated in that moment of revelation.
</blockquote>
 
Holmes could be looked upon then coma lo precursor de las sciéncias modèrnas de [[criminologia]]:
* L'emplec de footprints, shoe prints, horseshoe prints, carriage wheel tracks, e de bicicleta tracks per identificar accions at a scèna de crim (''A Study in Scarlet'', "The Adventure of Silver Blaze", "The Adventure of the Priory School")
* L'emplec dels cendres de tabat e de las cigaretas butts per identificar de criminals ("The Adventure of the Resident Patient", ''The Hound of the Baskervilles'')
* L'emplec de letras picadas per expose a fraud ("[[A Case of Identity]]")
* La deduccion d'assassinat a partir de dos tròces de rèstas umanas ("[[The Adventure of the Cardboard Box]]")
* L'observacion de gunpowder residue sus la victima ("[[The Adventure of the Reigate Squire]]")
* L'observacion de use de balas de l'arma murder de doas scènas de crim ("The Adventure of the Empty House")
* The use of a fingerprint per tal de liberar un òme innocent ("[[The Adventure of the Norwood Builder]]") (un cas particularament subtil, que Holmes reconeis l' fingerprint coma una forgery)
 
Dins "The Adventure of the Second Stain", Dr. Watson ditz qu'aprèp sa longa carrièra, Holmes s'èra retirat a Sussex Downs e aviá entreprés de venir apicultor.
 
===Sa personalitat e habits===
However, Holmes is not completament a stuffy straight-laced [[Victorian era|Victorian]] gentleman; en realitat, he describes himself and his habits as "[[Bohemianism|Bohemian]]." He may suffer de [[bipolar disorder]], alternating entre de jorns o de setmanas de listless lassitude e de periòdes similar of intense engagement with a challenging case o amb sa passion, la quimia experimentala: "extreme exactness and astuteness... [or a] poetic and contemplative mood", "outbursts of passionate energy... followed by reactions of lethargy." Los lectors modèrns de las istòrias de Sherlock Holmes are apt to be suspreses de s'assabentar qu'èra un occasional user (a habitual user when lacking in stimulating cases) de [[cocaïna]] e de [[morfina]], though Watson descriu aquò coma lo "solet vici" de Holmes. Mas, as recorded dins una de sas darrièras istòrias, Watson es estat capable de convéncer dapasset Holmes de discontinue l'emplec d'aquelas drògas:
 
<blockquote>"For years I had gradually weaned him from that drug mania which had threatened once to check his remarkable career. Now I knew that under ordinary conditions he no longer craved for this artificial stimulus, but I was well aware that the fiend was not dead, but sleeping."</blockquote>
 
Puèi que la cocaïna e las drògas del meteis tipe coma l'[[eroïna]] èran pas encara illegalas a l'epòca victoriana e se podián crompar openly e vendre per de rasons medicalas, Watson was arguably ahead of his time in recognizing sos perilhs. Pasmens, Watson èra typical de son temps de considerar pas un vici l'abitud d'Holmes de [[tobacco smoking|smoking]] (en general una pipa) heavily, ni mai sa willingness to bend la veritat e de break la lei (coma per exemple, mentir a la polícia, amagar de pròvas, burgle and housebreak) quand it suited his purposes. Dins l'Anglatèrra victoriana, d'accions semblantas èran pas consideradas necessàriament coma de vicis as long as they were done per un gentleman for noble purposes, such as preserving a woman's [[honour]] or a family's [[reputacion]] (this argument is discussed by Holmes and Watson dins "[[The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton]]"). Since un bon nombre d'istòrias viran around Holmes (e Watson) doing such things, un legeire modèrn deu acceptar d'accions which would be out of character for a 'law-abiding' detective living by the standards of a later time. (They remain staples of detective fiction, being done in a good cause.) Holmes has a strong sense of honour and "doing the right thing".
 
Holmes sovent pòt èsser quite dispassionate e freg; pasmens, quand hot sus la pista d'un mistèri, pòt can display una passion remarcabla contràriament a sa usual languor.
 
He has a flair per showmanship, e sovent, prepara de trapèlas dramaticas pr'amor de capturar lo culprit d'un crim which are staged per impressionar Watson o un dels inspectors de [[Scotland Yard]] (as at the end of "The Norwood Builder"). He also holds back on his chain of reasoning, sens la revelar o en donar sonque d'indicis criptics e de resultas susprenentas, fins al moment vertadièrament final, quand pòt explicar la totalitat de sas deduccions d'un còp.
 
Holmes does have un ego que d'unes còps sembla d'aténher l'arrogància; pasmens, son arrogància es abitualament meritada. Sembla que li agrade de baffling los inspectors de polícia amb sas deduccions superioras. Holmes es en general plan satisfach de permetre a la polícia de take lo credit de son trabalh, with Watson being the only one to broadcast his own roles dins lo cas (dins [[The Adventure of the Naval Treaty]], remarca que de sos darrièrs cinquanta-tres cases, la polícia have had all lo credit de quaranta-nòu), although he enjoys receiving praise de sos amics personals e d'aqueles que manifestan un interès seriós per son trabalh.
 
In addition, sa residéncia comfortabla al 221B Baker St. suggerís que tira un bon income de son negòci, although es pas jamai estat revelat exactament çò que pòt fa pagar per sos servicis. It is possible, however, que demande d'onoraris en foncion de la capacitat financièra de sos clients de pay-in [[The Adventure of the Final Problem]], Holmes states que sos servicis pel govèrn [[França|francés]] e the royal house de [[Scandinavia]] li aviá portat pro d'argent per se retirar confortablament, mentre que dins [[The Adventure of Black Peter]] Watson remarca que Holmes would refuse d'ajudar los rics e potents se sos cases did not interessavan pas, while he could devote de setmanas at a time als cases dels clients mai humble. Certainly, in the course de sa carrièra Holmes had worked a l'encòp pels monarcas mai potents e los govèrns d'Euròpa (including lo sieu) e various d'aristocratas e industrials amonedats, e also been consulted per impoverished pawnbrokers e humble governesses on the lower rungs de la societat.
 
Holmes es en general quite fearless. He dispassionately surveys horrific, brutal scènas de crim; he does not allow las supersticions (coma dins "[[The Hound of the Baskervilles]]") o las situacions grotèscas to make him afraid; and he intrepidly confronts assassins violents. He is generally unfazed per de menaças de sos enemics criminals, e indeed Holmes himself remarks that it is lo perilh d'aquesta profession que l'a atirat cap a ela.
 
Finally, Holmes does have capacitats per human emotion e l'amistat. Ten una capacitat remirabla de gently soothe e reassure las gents que subisson from extreme distress, un talent which comes in handy when dealing with both male and female clients qu'arriban a Baker Street suffering from extreme fear or nervousness. He also has una amistat personala fòrta amb Watson, whose near-death at the hands of a counterfeiter dins [[The Adventure of the Three Garridebs]] elicits grief and anger from Holmes. Over time, Holmes' relations with the official Scotland Yard detectives goes from cold disdain to a strong respect.
 
===Sas possessions===
 
A mai dels onoraris, Holmes a sortit de souvenirs de sos cases:
* Una pèrla negra e un bust shattered de Napoleon Bonaparte ("The Six Napoleons")
* A gold sovereign d'aur d'[[Irene Adler]] sus l cadena de sa mòstra ("A Scandal in Bohemia")
* Una fotografia d'Irene Adler ("A Scandal in Bohemia")
* An old gold snuff box amb una ametista del Rei de Boèmia. ("A Case of Identity")
* Un anèl from the ruling familha d'Olanda ("A Case of Identity")
* A crumpled piece of papièr; una clau; a peg de fusta with string e tres vièlhas monedas ("[[The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual]]")
* An emerald tie-pin de la Reina Victòria. ("The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans")
* Un violon [[Stradivarius]]. ("The Adventure of the Cardboard Box")
 
===Holmes, Watson e las armas de fuòc===
A mai se ocasionalament Holmes e Watson pòrtan de pistolets amb eles (veire tanebn [[Dr. Watson's revolver]]), there are sonque tres còps when these weapons are fired:
* They both fire at the Andaman Islander in ''The Sign of Four''.
* They both fire at the hound in ''The Hound of the Baskervilles''
* Watson fires at the mastiff in "[[The Adventure of the Copper Beeches]]".
* Watson [[pistol-whip]]s Colonel Sebastian Moran in "[[The Adventure of the Empty House]]".
 
A mai d'un pistolet, Holmes uses a riding crop as a weapon:
* To knock lo pistolet de la man de John Clay dins "[[The Red-Headed League]]".
* To lash out a la sèrp dins "[[The Adventure of the Speckled Band]]".
 
===Personas dins sa vida===
Una estimacion de l'edat d'Holmes dins l'istòria corta "His Last Bow" situa son annada de naissença a l'entorn de 1854.
 
Istoricament, Holmes visquèt a partir 1881 a [[221B Baker Street]], [[London]], un apartament upper-story (in early notes it was described as being situated a Upper Baker Street), ont he spent many of sas annadas professionalas amb son amic good, [[Dr. Watson]], e with whom he shared rooms for some time before Watson's marriage en 1887 o 1888. Aquela residéncia was maintained per sa landlady, Mrs Hudson.
 
In many de las istòrias, Holmes es assistit per the practical Watson, qu'es pas sonque un amic mas tanben son chronicler (son "[[James Boswell|Boswell]]"). Most of Holmes' istòrias are told as narratives, per Watson, of the detective's solutions to actual crims. Dins some later stories, Holmes critica Watson perr sos escriches, usually because he relates them as exciting istòrias puslèu que de rapòrts objectius e detalhats sus çò que Holmes considera la "sciéncia" pura de son art.
 
Holmes a tanben un fraire ainat, [[Mycroft Holmes]], que apareis dins tres istòrias: "[[The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter|The Greek Interpreter]]", "[[The Adventure of the Final Problem|The Final Problem]]", e "[[The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans|The Bruce-Partington Plans]]". Es tanben citat dins a number of others, including "[[The Adventure of the Empty House|The Empty House]]".
 
Dins tres istòrias, including ''[[The Sign of Four]]'', es assistit per un grop de street children he calls [[the Baker Street Irregulars]].
 
Law enforcement oficièrs with whom Holmes has worked include [[Lestrade|G. Lestrade]], [[Tobias Gregson]], [[Stanley Hopkins]], e Athelney Jones, all four of [[Scotland Yard]], e Francois Le Villard of the [[French police]]. Holmes usually baffles la polícia with sos metòdes plan mai eficient e effective, showing himself to be a vastly superior detectiu.
 
Holmes' arch-enemy e popularly-supposed nemesis èra lo Professor [[James Moriarty]] ("lo [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] del Crim"), que tombèt, struggling amb Holmes, over the [[Reichenbach Falls]]. Conan Doyle intended "The Final Problem", l'istòria in which this occurred, to be the last that he wrote about Holmes. However, the mass of mailings he received demanding that he bring back sa creacion convinced him to continue. "The Adventure of the Empty House" had Conan Doyle explaining that only Moriarty fell over the cliff, but Holmes had allowed the world to believe that he too had perished while he dodged the retribution of Moriarty's underlings. Also, numerous sources claim that Moriarty was initially Holmes' mathematics tutor, as is also referenced in the work of Baring-Gould.
 
====Holmes e las femnas====
La sola femna in whom Holmes ever showed any interest that verged on the romantic [[Irene Adler]]. Segon Watson, she was always referred to per Holmes coma "''La'' Femna." Holmes himself never uses aqueste term — though he does mention her actual name several times in other cases. She is also una de las escassas femnas citadas in multiple Holmes stories, though she is actually only in one, "[[A Scandal in Bohemia]]". She is often thought to be la sola femna que broke through Holmes' reserve. Es possiblament la sola femna who has ever "beaten" Holmes in un mistèri; this point is unclear due to a comment with some chronological problems in one of the istòrias (veire the [[Irene Adler]] o los articles [[The Five Orange Pips]] per de detalhs).
 
In one story, "The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton", Holmes is engaged to be married, but only with the motivation of gaining information for his case.
 
He clearly demonstrates un interès particular in several of the more charming female clients that come his way (coma Violet Hunter de "The Adventure of the Copper Beeches", whom Watson thought might become mai qu'una client per Holmes). Pr'aquò, lo contèxte implies que Holmes found their joventut, beauty, e energia (and the cases they bring to him) invigorating, as opposed to an actual romantic interest, as Holmes inevitably "manifested no further interest in her when once she had ceased to be the centre of one of his problems."
 
If he was able to turn on a certain amount of charm, as indicated by these episodes, there is no indication of a serious or long-term interest apart from the case of Adler. Watson states that Holmes has an "aversion per las femnas" mas "a peculiarly ingratiating way with [them]." Holmes stated "I am not a whole-souled admirer of womankind." His dislike may have stemmed from the fact he found "the motives of women... so inscrutable... How can you build on such quicksand? Their most trivial actions may mean volumes... their most extraordinary conduct may depend upon a hairpin." This resistance to his deductive processes may have annoyed him. On the other hand, it may be noted that the landlady, Mrs. Hudson, es pas jamai actually descricha.
 
Watson escriu dins [[The Adventure of the Dying Detective]] que Mrs. Hudson is fond of Holmes in her own way, malgrat sas excentricitats bothersome as a lodger, owing to sa "remarkable gentleness and courtesy in his dealings with women." Watson notes que while he dislikes e distrusts them, he is nonetheless un "chivalrous opponent". Holmes cannot be said qu'e [[misogin]], given lo nombre de femnas que ajuda amb son trabalh, but it may be that his own detached and analytical personalitat es annoyed per their excessively emotional (from his perspective) natures.
 
Watson, on the other hand, has a perhaps justifiable reputacion coma a ladies' man, boasting in The Sign of Four d'"an experience of women which extends over many nations and three separate continents." In addition, parla d'un biais favourably of some women &mdash; indeed, in virtually all the longer stories he remarks on the exceptional beauty of at least one female character &mdash; and actually married one, [[Mary Morstan]] de ''The Sign of Four''.
 
==La deduccion holmesiana (o sherlockiana)==
[[Image:Sherlock_holmes_pipe_hat.jpg|thumb|250px|right|"Las possessions d'Holmes" including una [[magnifying glass]], [[calabash]] [[smoking pipe|pipe]], e a [[deerstalker|deerstalker cap]] al Musèu de Sherlock Holmes a Londres ([[Sherlock Holmes Museum]]).]]
"From a drop of water", Holmes wrote in an ensag described in ''A Study in Scarlet'', "a logician could infer the possibility of an [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] or a [[Niagara Falls|Niagara]] without having seen or heard of one or the other." Holmes stories often begin with a bravura display of Holmes' talent for "[[Deductive reasoning|deduction]]". It is of some interest to logicians and those interested in [[logic]] to try to analyse just what Holmes is doing when he performs his deduction. Holmesian (the [[United Kingdom|British]] adjective; [[United States|Americans]] may be rarely heard to say "Sherlockian") deduction appears to consist primarily of drawing inferences based on either straightforward practical principles — which are the result of careful [[Inductive reasoning|inductive]] study, such as Holmes' study of different kinds of cigar ashes &mdash; or inference to the best explicacion. In many cases, la deduccion can be modelled either way. In 2002, Holmes was inducted as an membre onorari de la [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] &mdash; the only [[fictional character]] so honoured &mdash; in appreciation of the contributions to forensic investigation.<ref>[http://www.rsc.org/ScienceAndTechnology/Parliament/ScotParliament/enews28.asp This news article] mentions Holmes' honour at the bottom of the page.</ref>
 
===Principis===
Los principis Holmes's straightforward practical son generalament del tipe, "If 'p', then 'q'," where 'p' is observed evidence and 'q' is what the evidence indica. But there are also, as one may observe in the following example, often some intermediate principles. In "A Scandal in Bohemia" Holmes deduces that Watson had got very wet lately and that he had "a most clumsy and careless servant girl." When Watson, in amazement, asks how Holmes knows this, Holmes answers:
<blockquote>"It is simplicity itself... My eyes tell me that on the inside of your left shoe, just where the firelight strikes it, the leather is scored by six almost parallel cuts. Obviously they have been caused by someone who has very carelessly scraped round the edges of the sole in order to remove crusted mud from it. Hence, you see, my double deduction that you had been out in vile weather, and that you had a particularly malignant boot-slitting specimen of the London slavey."</blockquote>
 
In aqueste cas, we might say Holmes employed several connected principis such as these:
* Se lo cuèr del costat de la sabata es scored by several parallel cuts, it was caused by someone who scraped around the edges de la sòla pr'amor de ne traire la fang crusted.
* Se a 19th-century London doctor's sabatas are scraped to remove crusted mud, la persona who so scraped them is the doctor's servant girl.
* Se qualqu'un cuts a sabata while scraping it de levar de fang encrusted, aquela persona es ma lbiaissuda e careless.
* If someone's shoes had encrusted mud on them, that person has been very wet lately and has been out in vile weather.
 
By applying de principis aital in an obvious way (using repeated applications of ''[[modus ponens]]''), Holmes es capable to infer from
:'p': The sides of Watson's shoes are scored by several parallel cuts.
to
:'q1': Watson's servant girl es malbiaissuda e careless.
and
:'q2': Watson has been very wet lately and has been out in vile weather.
 
But perhaps Holmes is not giving a proper explicacion &mdash; after all, Holmes may be well aware of Watson's servant girl. Ja que Watson es metge e it has been raining, it is likely he has been out jos la pluèja.
 
In other instances de la deduccion holmesiana, es mai malaisit de model his inference as deduction using general principles, and logicians e scientifics readily reconeisseràn lo metòde emplegat, instead, as an "[[inductive reasoning|inductive]]" one — in particular, "[[argument to the best explanation]]", o, dins la terminologia de [[Charles S. Peirce]], "[[abduction (logic)|abduction]]". However, that Holmes should have called aquesta "deduccion" es entirely plausible.
 
The instances in which Holmes uses deduccion tend to be those where he has amassed a large body of evidence, produced a number of possible explicacions of that evidence, and then proceeds to find one explanation that is clearly the best at explaining the evidence. For example, in ''The Sign of Four'', a man is found dead in his room, with a ghastly smile on his face, and with no immediately visible cause of death. From a whole body of background information as well as evidence gathered at and around the scene of the crime, Holmes is able to infer that the murderer is not one of the various people that [[Scotland Yard]] has in custody (each of them being an alternative explanation), but rather another person entirely. As Holmes says in the story, "How often have I said to you that when you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth?" This phrase has entered Western popular culture as a [[catchphrase]]. It also turned up in the [[Dirk Gently]] stories by [[Douglas Adams]] where the detective uses the opposite phrase, "because we know very much about what is improbable, but very little about what is possible".
 
In the latter example, in fact, Holmes' solution of the crime depends ''both'' on a series of applications of general principles ''and'' argument to the best explanation.
 
Holmes' success at his brand of deduction, therefore, is due to his mastery of ''both'' a huge body of particular knowledge of things like footprints, cigar ashes, and poisons, which he uses to make relatively simple deductive inferences, ''and'' the fine art of ordering and weighing different competing explanations of a body of evidence. Holmes is also particularly good at gathering evidence by observation, as well locating and tracking the movements of criminals through the streets of London and its environs (in order to produce more evidence) &mdash; skills that have little to do with deduction ''per se'', but everything to do with providing the premises for particular Holmesian deductions. Four examples of Holmes' deductions of an owner's lifestyle are: Dr. Watson's old [[pocket watch]] in ''The Sign of Four'', Dr. Mortimer's [[walking stick]] in ''[[The Hound of the Baskervilles]]'', Mr. Grant Munro's pipe in "[[The Adventure of the Yellow Face]]" and Henry Baker's hat in "[[The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle]]".
 
Dins las istòrias de Conan Doyle, Holmes sovent remarked que sas conclusions logicas èran "elementàrias", in that he considered them to be simple e evident. He also, on occasion, referred to his amic as "mon car Watson". However, the complete phrase, "Elementari, mon car Watson", apareis pas dins cap de las 60 istòrias de Holmes escrichas per Conan Doyle. It does appear at the very fin del film de 1929, ''The Return of Sherlock Holmes'', lo primièr film sonòr de Sherlock Holmes, e may owe its familiarity to its use in [[Edith Meiser]]'s scripts per la seria de ràdio ''[[The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes]]''.
 
It should be noted too, que nòstre estereotip modèrn de la procedure de polícia — someone who looks for physical clues, rather than someone who examines opportunity and motive — comes de Holmes.
 
As mentioned in the Overview section above, Conan Doyle èra un admirer de [[Oliver Wendell Holmes]]. In [[1858]], Holmes had written, dins his ''Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table'', “Tell me about Cuvier’s getting up a [[megatherium]] from a tooth … so all a man’s antecedents and possibilities are summed up in a single utterance….” This recalls what [[Schopenhauer]] had written in [[1851]], “Just as a botanist recognizes the whole plant from one leaf and [[Cuvier]] constructed the entire animal from one bone, so from one characteristic action of a man we can arrive at a correct knowledge of his character.” (''Parerga and Paralipomena'', Vol. II, §118) These assertions are echoed in ''[[The Five Orange Pips]]'', in which Sherlock Holmes declared, “As Cuvier could correctly describe a whole animal by the contemplation of a single bone, so the observer who has thoroughly understood one link in a series of incidents should be able to state all the other ones, before and after.”
 
Los legeires de the Sherlock Holmes stories sovent son estats suspreses de descobrir que son autor, Conan Doyle, èra un fervent believer dels fenomèns [[paranormal]]s, e that the logical, sceptical character of Holmes was in oposicion to his own in many ways.
 
Lo mot "Sherlock" has entered the language to mean a detective or used sarcastically if someone states the obvious, (No way!... Sherlock!).
 
It must be noted that, dins la deduccion holmesiana, it is important to attempt to eliminate all other possibilitats, or as many as possible. This requires quite a bit of practice to reach. Watson attempts several times to perform de deduccions holmesianas, and even gives his explanations. However, he fails to recognize other equally probable circumstances, e is wrong on almost every count.
 
==Bibliografia==
===Romans===
*''[[A Study in Scarlet]]'' (serialized 1887)
*''[[The Sign of the Four]]'' (published 1890)
*''[[The Hound of the Baskervilles]]'' (serialized 1901&ndash;1902 in ''The Strand''; original illustrations by Sidney Paget
*''[[The Valley of Fear]]'' (serialized 1914&ndash;1915) (briefly involves Professor Moriarty)
 
===Istòrias cortas===
''For more detail see [[List of Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes short stories]]''.
 
Las istòrias cortas foguèron publicadas originalament dins de periodics; foguèron amassadas mai tard dins cinc antologias:
*''[[The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes]]'' conten d'istòrias publicadas en 1891–1892 dins ''The Strand''.
*''[[The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes]]'' conten d'istòrias publicadas en 1892–1893 dins ''The Strand'' as further episodes of the ''Adventures''.
*''[[The Return of Sherlock Holmes]]'' conten d'istòrias publicadas en 1903–1904 dins ''The Strand''.
*''[[His Last Bow]]'' conten d'istòrias publicadas en 1908–1913 e [[1917]].
*''[[The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes]]'' Conten istòrias publicadas en 1921–1927.
 
===Listas of favourite istòrias===
 
I a doas famous listas d'istòrias favourite: that of Conan Doyle himself, en 1927, e la de the [[Baker Street Irregulars|Baker Street Journal]] en 1959.
 
La lista de Conan Doyle:
#"[[The Adventure of the Speckled Band]]"
#"[[The Red-Headed League]]"
#"[[The Adventure of the Dancing Men]]"
#"[[The Adventure of the Final Problem]]"
#"[[A Scandal in Bohemia]]"
#"[[The Adventure of the Empty House]]"
#"[[The Five Orange Pips]]"
#"[[The Adventure of the Second Stain]]"
#"[[The Adventure of the Devil's Foot]]"
#"[[The Adventure of the Priory School]]"
#"[[The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual]]"
#"[[The Adventure of the Reigate Squire]]"
 
La lista de The Baker Street Journal:
#"[[The Adventure of the Speckled Band]]"
#"[[The Red-Headed League]]"
#"[[The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle]]"
#"[[The Adventure of Silver Blaze]]"
#"[[A Scandal in Bohemia]]"
#"[[The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual]]"
#"[[The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans]]"
#"[[The Adventure of the Six Napoleons]]"
#"[[The Adventure of the Dancing Men]]"
#"[[The Adventure of the Empty House]]"
 
==The hiatus==
Los fans de Holmes refer al periòde de 1891 a 1894 &mdash; the time between Holmes' desaparicion e mòrt presumed in "The Adventure of the Final Problem" e sa reaparicion dins "The Adventure of the Empty House" &mdash; as "the Great Hiatus". It is notable, though, that one later story ("The Adventure of Wisteria Lodge") is described as taking place in 1892.
 
Conan Doyle wrote the istòrias over the course of a decade. Wanting to devote mai de temps a sos romans istorics, he killed off Holmes in "The Final Problem", which appeared in print in 1893. After resisting public pressure pendent uèch annadas, l'autor escriguèt ''The Hound of the Baskervilles'', que apareguèt en 1901, setting it abans la mòrt de Holmes. Lo public, a mai se foguèt satisfach per l'istòria, èra pas content with a posthumous Holmes, e doncas Conan Doyle ressuscitèt Holmes dos annadas mai tard. Many have speculated on sos motius for bringing Holmes back a la vida, notably writer-director [[Nicholas Meyer]], who escriguèt un ensag sus aquesta tèma dins las annada 70, but the actual reasons are not known, other than the obvious: publishers offered to pagar generosament. For whatever reason, Conan Doyle contunhèt d'escriure d'istòrias d'Holmes for a quarter-century longer.
 
Some escrivans have come up with alternate explanations for the hiatus. In Meyer's novel, ''[[The Seven-Per-Cent Solution]]'', the hiatus was explained as a secret sabbatical that Holmes indulged in for those years after his [[drug rehabilitation]] treatment with [[Sigmund Freud]]'s help, while he light-heartedly suggested that Watson write a fictitious account claiming he had died: "They'll never believe you in any case." A recent novel, "Sherlock Holmes and the Plague of Dracula", speculates that Holmes fell victim to the disease of vampirism and spent the Hiatus seeking a cure.
 
[[John Kendrick Bangs]], creator of [[Bangsian fantasy]], wrote a book in 1897 called ''[[Pursuit of the House-Boat]]'' (a sequel to his ''[[A House-Boat on the Styx]]'', in which the souls of famous dead people start up a club in [[Hades]]). In it, the house-boat (which was hijacked at the end of ''A House-Boat on the Styx'' by [[Captain Kidd]]) is tracked down by the members of the club with the aid of none other than Sherlock Holmes &mdash; who is indeed dead.
 
In his memoirs, Conan Doyle quotes a reader, who judged the later stories inferior to the earlier ones, to the effect that when Holmes went over the Reichenbach Falls, he may not have been killed, but he was never quite the same man after.
 
The differences in the pre- and post-Hiatus Holmes have in fact created speculation among those who play 'The Game' (making one believe Sherlock Holmes was a historical person). Among the more interesting and plausible theories: the later Holmes was in fact an impostor (perhaps even Professor Moriarty), the later stories were fictions created to fill other writers' pockets (this is often used to deal with the stories which supposedly are written by Holmes himself), and Holmes and Professor Moriarty were in fact a variation of [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]'s ''[[The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde]]''. Among the more fanciful theories, the story ''The Case of the Detective's Smile'' by Mark Bourne, published in the anthology ''Sherlock Holmes in Orbit'', posits that one of the places Holmes visited during his hiatus was Alice's Wonderland. While there, he solved the case of the stolen tarts, and his experiences there contributed to his kicking the cocaine addiction.
 
==Adaptacions==
===Canonical adaptations===
{{main|Sherlock Holmes in other media}}
[[Image:Livanov.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Vasily Livanov]] was awarded the [[Order of the British Empire]] for his portrayal of Sherlock Holmes in the Russian TV series.]]
As Sherlock Holmes is such a popular character, there have been many theatrical stage and cinematic adaptations of Conan Doyle's work &mdash; much in the same way that ''[[Hamlet]]'' or ''[[Dracula]]'' are often revised and adapted.
 
The [[Guinness World Records]] has consistently listed him as the "most portrayed movie character" with over 70 actors playing the part in over 200 films.
 
===Related and derivative works (non-canonical)===
{{main|Non-canonical works related and derived from Sherlock Holmes}}
 
In addition to the canonical Sherlock Holmes stories, Conan Doyle's ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/537 The Lost Special]'' (1908) features an unnamed 'amateur reasoner' clearly intended to be identified as Holmes by his readers. His explanation for a baffling disappearance, argued in Holmes' characteristic style, turns out to be quite wrong &mdash; evidently Conan Doyle was not above poking fun at his own hero. A short story by Conan Doyle using the same idea is "[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/537 The Man with the Watches]". Another example of Conan Doyle's humour is "[[How Watson Learned the Trick]]" (1924), a [[parody]] of the frequent Watson-Holmes breakfast table scenes. A further parody by Conan Doyle is "The Field Bazaar". He also wrote other material, especially plays, featuring Holmes. Many of these writings are collected in the books "Sherlock Holmes; The Published Apocrypha," edited by [[Jack Tracy]] and "The Final Adventures of Sherlock Holmes," edited by [[Peter Haining]].
 
Sherlock Holmes' abilities as both a good fighter and as an excellent [[logician]] have been a boon to other authors who have lifted his name, or details of his exploits, for their plots. These range from Holmes as a cocaine addict, whose drug-fuelled fantasies lead him to cast an innocent Professor Moriarty as a supervillain (''[[The Seven-Per-Cent Solution]]''), to science-fiction plots involving him being re-animated after death to fight crime in the future (''[[Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century]]''). Challenged to create a comedy about Sherlock Holmes, filmmaker [[Gene Wilder]] wrote, directed and starred in ''[[The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes' Smarter Brother]]''.
 
A common setting for non canon pieces pits Holmes and Watson against the [[Nazi]]s. Most notable were the films made during the Second World War starring [[Basil Rathbone]], but more recently ''The Curse of the Nibelung: A Sherlock Holmes Mystery''. Such pieces were in the spirit of Conan Doyle's patriotism, and indeed the canonic "[[His Last Bow (story)|His Last Bow]]" describes Holmes and his connections with [[MI5|British Intelligence]] on the eve of the [[First World War]].
 
In 2006, best-selling author and military historian [[Caleb Carr]] (perhaps best known for [[The Alienist]] and [[The Angel of Darkness]], both featuring Holmes-reminiscent protagonist Laszlo Kreizler) penned [[The Italian Secretary]], a "continuing adventure of Sherlock Holmes." Dr. John Watson and Mycroft Holmes play significant parts in this story, and other follow-on/related works (including, but not limited to, a Holmes/Kreizler crossover) may be forthcoming.
 
It is also common for writers to pit Holmes against other well-known [[fictional character]]s originating from or set in the same era as Conan Doyle's stories - particularly those who now exist in the [[public domain]], and so can be used freely without payment of royalties to the creator. In these [[fictional crossover|crossovers]], Holmes has frequently interacted with Dr. [[Fu Manchu]] (in Cay Van Ash's ''Ten Years Beyond Baker Street''), [[The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde|Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde]] (in Loren Eastman's ''Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Holmes'') and [[Dracula]] (In Loren Eastman's ''Sherlock Holmes vs. Dracula'' or Stephen Seitz's "Sherlock Holmes and the Plague of Dracula"). He has also appeared as a significant (although often unseen) background presence in [[Alan Moore]] and [[Kevin O'Neill]]'s comic book series ''[[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen]]'', and also [[Planetary]] by Warren Ellis.
 
Other writers have Holmes meeting real people and participating in real events. In Nicholas Meyer's works, Holmes meets [[Sigmund Freud]], [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Gilbert and Sullivan]], and [[Bram Stoker]], among other Victorian celebrities. In ''[[Sherlock Holmes and the Red Demon]]'', Minnesota journalist [[Larry Millett]] involves Holmes and Watson in the [[Great Hinckley Fire]]; their employer is railroad magnate [[James J. Hill]], and they also meet [[Boston Corbett]], the man who shot John Wilkes Booth. And on at least six occasions ([[Edward B. Hanna]]'s novel ''[[The Whitechapel Horrors]]'', [[Michael Didbin]]'s novel ''[[The Last Sherlock Holmes Story]]'', [[Philip J. Carraher]]'s novel ''[[The Adventure of the New York Ripper]]'' [with Holmes using the alias Simon Hawkes], [[Barry Day]]'s novel ''[[Sherlock Holmes and the Apocalypse Murders]]'', and the movies ''[[A Study in Terror]]'' and ''[[Murder by Decree]]'') Holmes gets involved in the [[Jack the Ripper]] case. In [[Caitlín R. Kiernan]]'s "The Drowned Geologist," Holmes is placed in Whitby at the same time as the stranding of the Demeter, the ship which carried [[Dracula]] to England.
 
In recent years, Holmes has been featured in the [[Mary Russell]] series, by Laurie R. King. In the books Holmes is married to Mary Russell, a woman thirty-nine years his junior, and makes her his partner in detection. Carole Nelson Douglas also wrote an eight-novel detective series starring [[Irene Adler]] as a detective that also features Holmes.
 
==Especulacions holmesianas==
A popular pastime dels fans de Sherlock Holmes es to pretend that Holmes e Watson èran de real people, and Arthur Conan Doyle merely Watson's "literary agent," and to attempt to "discover" new facts about them, either from clues in the stories or by combining the stories with historical fact. Early scholars of the canon included [[Ronald Knox]] and [[Christopher Morley]], founder of [[The Baker Street Irregulars]].
 
When a student at Oxford, Knox issued Studies in the Literature of Sherlock Holmes, an essay which is regarded as the founding text of "holmesian scholarship".
 
That essay was re-printed, among others, in 1928 and the following year, [[Sydney Roberts]], then professor at Cambridge University, issued a reply to Knox's arguments, in a booklet entitled A Note on the Watson Problem. S.C. Roberts issued then a complete Watson biography. A book by T.S. Blakeney followed and the holmesian "game" was born.
 
In 1934 were founded the Sherlock Holmes Society, in London, and the Baker Street Irregulars, in New York. Both are still active to-day (but the Sherlock Holmes Society has been dissolved in 1937 to be resuscitated only in 1951).
 
[[Dorothy Sayers]], creator of the detective [[Lord Peter Wimsey]], also wrote several essays on Holmesian speculation, later published in ''Unpopular Opinions'', including an interesting discussion of Watson's middle name.
 
While Dorothy Sayers and many of the early "holmesians" used the works of Conan Doyle as the chief basis for their speculations, a more fanciful school of playing the historical-Holmes game is represented by [[William S. Baring-Gould]], author of ''Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street'' (1962), a personal "biography" of Holmes; and ''Nero Wolfe of West Thirty-fifth Street'' (1969), a "biography" of [[Rex Stout]]'s detective character, [[Nero Wolfe]], which popularized the theory that Wolfe was "really" the son of Sherlock Holmes and Irene Adler, Wolfe being much like Holmes' brother Mycroft.
 
Baring-Gould also edited ''The Annotated Sherlock Holmes'' (1967), which combines in two volumes the complete canon and a hundred thousand words of additional explanation and illustration drawn from the Holmesian literature. In 2004 and 2005 a three-volume ''[[The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes]]'' was published, edited by [[Leslie S. Klinger]], to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the birth of Holmes (often given as [[January 6]],<ref>Holmesian scholars who cite this date do so because Holmes quotes from the ''[[Twelfth Night (play)|Twelfth Night]]'' [http://www3.sympatico.ca/mudthehut/docs/faq.htm more often] than from any other Shakespeare play.</ref> 1854) and "reflect the spectrum of views on Sherlockian controversies" rather than "Baring-Gould's personal theories".
 
===Holmes e Nietzsche===
There is also l'idèa que many characters de las istòrias de Sherlock Holmes èran bastits heavily on real people, particularament [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] (who may have been the model for Holmes himself e lo Professor Moriarty), e que Conan Doyle faguèt de manlèus d'autres escrivans, as many other writers have done. [[Samuel Rosenberg]], in his ''[[Naked is the Best Disguise]]'', details the striking references to Nietzsche in the Holmes stories. There is also strong belief that Holmes was based on one [[George Vale Owen]]. Owen was a scholar who worked with Conan Doyle, and became a close friend of his.
 
===La familha Holmes===
A particularly-rich area of "research" is the "uncovering" of details about Holmes' family history and early life, of which almost nothing is said in Conan Doyle's stories. In "The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter", Watson states: "I had never heard him refer to his relations, and hardly ever to his early life." But in that story, as well as introducing his brother, Holmes mentions the only facts about his family that are in any of the stories &mdash; "My ancestors were country squires... my grandmother... was the sister of Vernet, the French artist" (presumably [[Horace Vernet]]). Beyond this, all familial statements are speculation. For example, there is a certain belief that his mother was named Violet, based on Conan Doyle's fondness for the name and the four strong Violets in the canon; however, as Baring-Gould noted, in Holmes' Britain, Violet was a very common name.
 
It is clear from references to "the university" in "The Adventure of the ''Gloria Scott''", "The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual", and to some degree "The Adventure of the Three Students", that Holmes attended [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] or [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], although the question of which one remains a topic of eternal debate (Baring-Gould believed textual evidence indicated that Holmes attended both).
 
The most influential "biography" of Holmes is ''[[Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street]]'' by Baring-Gould. Faced with Holmes's reticence about his family background and early life, Baring-Gould invented one for him. According to Baring-Gould, Sherlock Holmes was born in [[Yorkshire]], the youngest of three sons of Siger Holmes and Violet Sherrinford. The middle brother, Mycroft, appears in the canon, but the eldest, Sherrinford Holmes, was invented by Baring-Gould to free Mycroft and Sherlock from the obligation of following Siger as a country squire. (In reality, "Sherrinford Holmes" was one of the names Arthur Conan Doyle considered for his hero before settling on Sherlock.) Siger Holmes' name is derived from "The Adventure of the Empty House", in which Sherlock spends some time pretending to be a Norwegian mountaineer called Sigerson. (This hardly qualifies as a clue about the name of Sherlock's father, but in the absence of any genuine clues it was the best Baring-Gould had to work with.)
 
Sherrinford had a significant role in the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' crossover novel ''[[All-Consuming Fire]]'' by [[Andy Lane]], which also featured a cameo by Siger.
 
Some other versions of Holmes' parentage:
*[[Nicholas Meyer]]'s ''[[The Seven Percent Solution]]'' reveals that his mother was cheating on his father, and so his father killed both his mother and himself. It also stipulates that it was his maths professor, Professor Moriarty, who brought the news of the tragedy to young Sherlock. This not only explains his career choice, but also (in an appropriately Freudian manner) his hatred of Professor Moriarty.
*[[Ian Charnocks]]'s ''[[Watson's Last Case]]'' names his father as '''Sherlock Holmes, Sr'''.
*[[Robert D'Artagnan]]'s ''[[Sherlock Holmes's Last Case]]'' names his father as '''Mark Moriarty''' and gives Sherlock's true name as '''Joseph Moriarty''', explaining that he was adopted at age four by '''Gregory C. Holmes''' and his wife '''Lydia Mycroft Holmes'''. This would make him a younger brother of Professor James Moriarty.
*[[Michael Harrison]]'s ''[[I, Sherlock Holmes]]'' names his father as '''Captain Siger Holmes''' of the [[British East India Company]].
*[[Cass Lewis]]'s ''[[Dead Man's Confession]]'' names his father as '''Robert Holmes''' and his mother '''Carla "Violet" Holmes'''.
*[[Mona Morstein]]'s ''[[The Childhood of Sherlock Holmes]]'' names his father as '''David William Holmes''' and his mother '''Catherine Simone Lecomte-Vernet'''.
*[[Fred Saberhagen]]'s ''[[The Holmes-Dracula File]]'' gives his true father as the lover of Mrs. Holmes: The [[vampire]] [[Radu the Handsome]], a younger brother of [[Vlad III Dracula]], who had succeeded him as a ruler of [[Wallachia]]. This would make Sherlock a nephew of [[Dracula]] (against whom he was pitted in [[Loren D. Estleman]]'s novel ''The Case of the Sanguinary Count'').
*[[Christopher Leppek]]'s ''[[The Surrogate Assassin]]'' named Sherlock's father as a younger brother of [[Mary Ann Holmes]], a historical figure better known as the mother of [[John Wilkes Booth]]. This would make Sherlock a first cousin of Booth.
*Thaddeus Holt's "[[The Sixth Napoleon]]" identifies Holmes as great-grandson of Napoleon I, his father, the child of a secret marriage of Napoleon's son the Duke of Reichstadt, having been exchanged as a baby for the child who grew up to be Archduke Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico.
 
====La familha Holmes e la familha Wold Newton====
Based originally on the writings of [[Philip José Farmer]], the concept of the [[Wold Newton family]] es la construccion d'un arbre genealogic gigant que connects many [[fictional character]]s to each other and to a number of istoricas figures. Additions to this tree are based on the writings of the original creators, pastiche writers, and "Wold Newton scholars." Sherlock Holmes has been one of the central characters of this tree. The [http://www.pjfarmer.com/secret/contributors/holmes-family-tree.htm Holmes family] and its various generations have been the subject of many Wold Newton articles. Sherlock himself has been described as born as '''William Sherlock Scott Holmes''' on [[January 6]], [[1854]] to '''Siger Holmes''' and his wife '''Violet Rutherford'''. He was one of eight siblings, including Mycroft, whose descendants include many other characters. The detective has been given as the father of at least eight children, including Nero Wolfe. Sherlock Holmes is also thought by many to be an ancestor of [[Spock]] of ''[[Star Trek]],'' through his mother, [[Amanda Grayson]] (Captain Spock attributes a Holmesian aphorism to an ancestor of his in [[Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country]]; since Holmes is a fictional character with respect to the Star Trek universe, it's more likely that the reference means that he is matrilineally related to Sir Arthur Conan Doyle). Holmes is revealed to have a great grand-niece named [[Shirley Holmes]] in the television show of the same name. But of course, Conan Doyle himself never called his creation any more than "Sherlock Holmes" so everything else is pure speculation.
 
===Las Societats===
The two initial societats fondadas en 1934 were followed by many more Holmesians circles, first of all in America (where they are called "scions" societies of the Baker Street Irregulars), then en Anglatèrre e Denmark. Nowadays, there are Holmesian societats dins many païses coma India e Japan being the more prominent countries which have a istòria of such activity.
 
===Los musèus===
During the 1951 Festival de Britain, Sherlock Holmes's sitting-room was reconstructed as the masterpiece of a Sherlock Holmes Exhibition, displaying a unique collection of original material.
After the 1951 exhibition closed, items were transferred to the Sherlock Holmes Pub, in London, and to the Sherlock Holmes Museum in Lucens (Switzerland). Both exhibitions, each including its own very good Baker Street Sitting-Room reconstruction, are still to be seen today.
More recent Sherlock Holmes Museums (complete with sitting-room)were opened in Baker Street itself (London) and in Meiringen (Switzerland), but those include less historical material about Conan Doyle.
 
==Citacions==
*"My name is Sherlock Holmes. It is my business to know what other people don't know." (''"The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle"'')
*"The air of London is sweeter for my presence." (''"The Final Problem"'')
*"My brain has always governed my heart." (''"The Sign of Four"'')
*"Love is an emotional thing, and whatever is emotional is opposed to that true cold reason which I place above all things. I should never marry myself, lest I bias my judgment." (''"The Sign of Four"'')
*"A man always finds it hard to realize that he may have finally lost a woman's love, however badly he may have treated her." (''"The Musgrave Ritual"'')
*"When a woman thinks that her house is on fire, her instinct is at once to rush to the thing which she values most. . . A married woman grabs at her baby - an unmarried one reaches for her jewel box." (''"A Scandal in Bohemia"'')
*"There is nothing more deceptive than an obvious fact." (''"The Boscombe Valley Mystery"'')
*"You can...never foretell what any one man will do, but you can say with precision what an average number will be up to. Individuals vary, but percentages remain constant." (''"The Sign of Four"'')
*"Education never ends, Watson. It is a series of lessons, with the greatest for the last." (''"The Adventure of the Red Circle"'')
*"When you have eliminated all which is impossible, then whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth." (''"The Adventure of The Blanched Soldier"'')
*"I never make exceptions. An exception disproves the rule." (''"The Sign of Four"'')
 
==Influéncia de Holmes==
===Role in the history of the detective story===
A popular misconception is that the Sherlock Holmes stories gave rise to the entire genre of detective fiction. In fact, the Holmes character and his ''modus operandi'' were inspired by two predecessors, [[C. Auguste Dupin]] and [[Monsieur Lecoq]] and their technique for solving crime. Created by [[Edgar Allan Poe]] and [[Émile Gaboriau]] respectively, they were both investigators to whom even Holmes himself alluded. Many fictional sleuths have imitated Holmes' logical methods and followed in his footsteps, in various ways. Some of the more popular to continue Holmes' legacy include [[Agatha Christie]]'s [[Hercule Poirot]], [[Ellery Queen]], [[Bobby Goren]], [[Philip Marlowe]], [[Sam Spade]], [[Perry Mason]], [[Columbo]], [[Dick Tracy]], [[Adrian Monk]], the children's book series [[Encyclopedia Brown]], and even the [[comic book]] hero [[Batman]]. The long running Japanese [[manga]] and [[anime]] [[Detective Conan]] (released as ''Case Closed'' in English due to copyright issues) was also heavily influenced by Sherlock Holmes, with the main character himself taking after Holmes' and giving himself a nickname based on Sir Arthur's middle name.
 
===Autras referéncias pop culture===
{{main|Pop culture references to Sherlock Holmes}}
[[Image:Fourthdoctorwengchiang.jpg|145px|right|thumb|The [[The Doctor (Doctor Who)|Doctor]] takes his cue from Holmes' dress sense to blend in ''[[The Talons of Weng-Chiang]]'']]
Many writers have made references to Conan Doyle, or characters from the stories in homage, to a greater or lesser degree. Such allusions can form a plot development, raise the intellectual level of the piece or act as [[Easter egg (virtual)|easter eggs]] for an observant audience.
 
Some have been overt, introducing Holmes as a character in a new setting, or a more subtle allusion, such as making a logical character live in an apartment at number [[221B Baker Street|221b]]. Often the simplest reference is to dress anybody who does some kind of detective work in a deerstalker and cloak (as seen right). Another rich field of pop culture references is Holmes' ancestry and descendants (as discussed [[Sherlock Holmes#The Holmes family|above]]) but really the only limit is the writer's imagination. A third major reference is the supposed quote, "Elementary, my dear Watson.". However Holmes is never recorded to have said this. The fame of Sherlock Holmes ensures that he will exist in many forms during the coming century, probably because Holmes embodies so many of the qualities that modern society feels are good, combined with the flashes of a darker personality (see especially ''[[Charles Augustus Milverton]]'') that give him depth as a character.
 
==Trivia==
* The [[Basil Rathbone]] Movie [[The Woman In Green]] is a combination of two Sherlock Holmes stories: [[The Adventure of the Final Problem]] and [[The Adventure of the Empty House]].
* A commercial for the mystery board game [[Clue]] features Holmes and Watson as players. (Watson wins.)
* Sherlock Holmes is the most portrayed fictional character on film, being played by no less than 75 actors in 211 movies since 1900.
 
* A character from the English dubbed version of ''Jikuu Tantei Genshi-kun'', also known as [[Flint the Time Detective]], was renamed from the original Japanese name of '''Kyoichiro Narugami''' (鳴神京一郎 ''Narugami Kyōichirō'') to '''Merlock Holmes''', in an obvious allusion to Holmes.
 
==Notes==
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==References==
* Baring-Gould, William S. ''The Annotated Sherlock Holmes'' Clarkson N. Potter, Inc., New York ISBN 0-517-50291-7 & John Murray Publishers, London
* Klinger, Leslie S. ''The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes'' W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York & London ISBN 0-393-05916-2
==Ligams extèrns==
*[http://www.sherlock-holmes.org.uk The Sherlock Holmes Society of London]
*[http://www.bakerstreetjournal.com The Baker Street Journal] Writings about Sherlock Holmes
*[http://www.bakerstreetdozen.com Baker Street Dozen] Sherlock Holmes in Books, Film and Media
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/categories/1 Project Gutenberg] Complete and free library of Conan Doyle's work on audiobook
*[http://camdenhouse.ignisart.com/canon/index.html The Complete Sherlock Holmes] All 56 short stories and four novels, with original magazine illustrations
*[http://www.sherlock-holmes.co.uk The Sherlock Holmes Museum] 221b Baker Street, London England.
*[http://webpages.charter.net/lklinger/Chrotabl.htm A timeline of Sherlock's life as given by various sources]
*[http://www.schoolandholmes.com/ A listing of historical, fictional and canonical characters appearing in pastiche stories]
*[http://221bakerstreet.org/ a fansite listing of the books in the "canon"]
*[http://www1.webng.com/SherlockHolmesCases/ Sherlock Holmes Cases] A compilation of some of the most famous Sherlock Holmes cases. Original stories adapted from the Gutenberg project
*[http://sherlock.mindcop.net Sherlock Holmes Public Library] Audio and Text
*[http://www.bertcoules.co.uk/sh-home.htm Bert Coules' website (BBC Radio 4 canonical and original stories, 1989&ndash;2004)]
*[http://sherlockholmes.stanford.edu Discovering Sherlock Holmes] at Stanford University
*[http://www.westminster.gov.uk/libraries/special/sherlock.cfm Sherlock Holmes Special Collections] at [http://www.westminster.gov.uk/libraries/findalibrary/mis.cfm Marylebone Reference Library], City of Westminster, London
*[http://www.sherlock-holmes.es 221b Sherlock Holmes]
*[http://www.angelfire.com/ks/landzastanza/publication.html publication order of Sherlock Holmes stories]
*[http://www.sherlockiana.de Our Virtual Holmes - A New German Sherlock Holmes Page]
*[http://www.thevoiceofreason.com/sherlock/index.html All the public domain Sherlock Holmes stories, and the public domain movies starring Basil Rathbone too]
*[http://www.astudyinsherlock.net A Study in Sherlock] A daily multimedia blog devoted to the life, times and influence of the Great Detective
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*[http://www.holmesian.net/forums/ Holmesian.net] An interdisciplinary message board dedicated to well-rounded discussions of the Great Detective, his capable biographer Dr. Watson, and all permutations of this compelling narrative
*Sherlock Holmes regional fanclubs/societies: [http://www.sherlock-holmes.org.uk London] [http://www.sshf.com France] [http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/SherlockHolmesSocietyofIndia/?yguid=72331759 India] [http://www.shpcboston.org Boston] [http://www.dwnp.com/ Colorado] [http://www.sherlock.on.net/ Sydney] [http://www.221b.ru/ Russian]
*[http://www.sherlockian.net/ Sherlockian.net]
*[http://221bbakerstreet.info/ Sherlock Holmes novels, short stories and trivia online]
*[http://sirconandoyle.com Sir Arthur Conan Doyle], the creator of Sherlock Holmes
*[http://www.geocities.com/chammaby1979/sherlockholmes.htm] Sherlock Holmes the Computer Game
*[http://sherlock.jamesbickers.com Sherlockiana] at JamesBickers.com
*[http://www.sherlockholmespub.homestead.com] Sherlock Holmes' Upstairs Study near Trafalgar Square
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Letters_Of_Mary/ Letters of Mary]
*[http://www.jadedcompass.com/ocular_helmsman/ The Ocular Helmsman] A Vade Mecum Upon the Personal Effects & Environs of Mssrs. Sherlock Holmes and John H. Watson of 221B Baker Street for the Victorian Layman
 
[[Categoria:Personatge literari|Holmes, Sherlock]]
Recuperada de « https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes »