Howard Carter : Diferéncia entre lei versions
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Version del 17 genièr de 2007 a 17.44
Howard Carter (nascut lo 9 de mai de 1874 – mòrt lo 2 de març de 1939) èra un arqueològ e egiptològ anglés. Es lo descobridor mai famós per sa descobèrta de KV62, la tomba de Totankhamon dins la Val dels Reis a Loxòr en Egipte.
Familha
Howard Carter nasquèt en 1874 a Kensington, Londres, lo cabdet de uèch enfants. Son paire, Samuel Carter, èra un artista coma o èra tanben son fraire William Carter, (1863-1939). Sa maire èra Martha Joyce (Sands) Carter. Carter cresquèt a Swaffham, dins lo nòrd del Norfolk, e aguèt pas d'educacion formala. Son paire li parenguèt las fondamentas del dessenh e de la pintura.
Òbras de joventut
Carter comencèt a trabalhar en 1890, quand aviá 17 ans, en copiar d'inscripcions e de pinturas en Egipte. Trabalhèt dins l'excavacion de Beni Hasan, l'endrech ont se tròban las tombas dels princis del Middle Egypt, c. 2000 BC. Mai tard passèt jos la direccion de William Flinders Petrie.
Es tanben celèbre ja que trobèt las remasilhas de la tomba de la Reina Hatshepsut a Deir el-Bahri. En 1899, a l'edat de 25 ans, un emplec dins lo Servici de las Antiquitats Egipcianas, foguèt prepausat a Carter. Pasmens ne demissionèt lèu en resulta d'una disputa entre de gardas de sit egipcians e un grop de toristas franceses èbris en 1905.
La tomba de Totankhamon
Aprèp maitas annadas dificilas, Carter foguèt presentat, en 1907, a Lòrd Carnarvon, un amator entosiasta que èra decidit a pagar los fraisses necessaris per permetre que lo trabalh de Carter contunhèsse. Plan lèu, Carter èra a supervisar totas las excavacions de Lòrd Carnarvon.
Lòrd Carnarvon financèt las recèrcas de Carter per trobar la tomba d'un faraon desconegut abans, Totankhamon, que Carter n'aviá descobèrt l'existéncia. Aprèp qualques meses de recèrcas sens resultas, Carnarvon comencèt de se lanhar de la manca de resultas de son investiment e, en 1922, balhèt a Carter un darrièr finançament per trobar la tomba.
Lo 4 de novembre de 1922, a la fin de 15 annadas de recèrca e de finançament, Carter finalament trobèt l'escalièr que menava a la tomba de Totankhamon (que seriá puèi denominada KV62). Aquesta tomba es per ara la tomba de faraon melhor preservada e mai intacta que siá estada trobada dins la Val dels Reis. Mandèt un telegraf a Lòrd Carnarvon per tal que venguèsse, and on November 26, 1922, with Lord Carnarvon, Carnarvon's daughter, and others in attendance, Carter made the famous "tiny breach in the top left hand corner" of the doorway, and was able to peer in by the light of a candle and see that many of the gold and ebony treasures were still in place. He did not yet know at that point whether it was "a tomb or merely a cache," but he did see a promising sealed doorway between two sentinel statues.
The next several weeks were spent carefully cataloguing the contents of the antechamber. On February 16, 1923, Carter opened the sealed doorway, and found that it did indeed lead to a burial chamber, and he got his first glimpse of the sarcophagus of Tutankhamun.
NB: Carter's own papers suggest that he, Lord Carnarvon & Lady Evelyn Herbert entered the tomb shortly after its discovery - without waiting for the arrival of Egyptian officials (as stipulated in their excavation permit). Some bizarre and demonstrably inaccurate theories have been offered about the exact extent of the excavators' rule-breaking; but it seems likely that it was (in reality) merely a case of impatient curiosity. They probably felt entitled to look because they had invested time, effort and money on the project for many years - it is widely accepted that their relationship with the government officials interested in their find was strained to the point where tacit non-cooperation became almost second nature to Carter.
While unwrapping the linens of the mummy, presumably looking for treasure, the skull of the ancient king fell away from the body. The impact from its fall out of the tomb made a dent in the skull. Egyptians believed a king could only be immortal if the body rested undisturbed, so some believe the name of the king must still be spoken today as a remembrance.
Later work & Death
After cataloguing the extensive finds, Carter retired from archaeology and became a collector. He visited the United States in 1924, and gave a series of illustrated lectures in New York City which were attended by very large and enthusiastic audiences. He died in England in 1939 at the age of 64. The archaeologist's death, so long after the opening of the tomb, is the most common piece of evidence put forward by skeptics to refute the idea of a curse (the "Curse of the Pharaohs") plaguing the party that violated Tutankhamun's tomb.
Howard Carter is buried in Putney Vale Cemetery in West London. On his gravestone is written: "May your spirit live, May you spend millions of years, You who love Thebes, Sitting with your face to the north wind, Your eyes beholding happiness." (from the Wishing Cup of Tutankhamun)
